docs: rename documentation files

Co-authored-by: Zachary Klosko <zklosko@users.noreply.github.com>

docs/appendix/rights-royalties.md

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+---
+layout: article
+title: Rights and Royalties
+category: manager
+---
+
+If you're new to broadcasting, or have not streamed your station online before,
+reading the following brief explanation of compensation rules for songwriters,
+musicians and other copyright holders may save you a great deal of trouble
+later.
+
+Independent music radio on the Internet has faced royalty demands from
+SoundExchange in the USA, and similar organizations in other territories. These
+organizations are usually membership societies or government-sanctioned national
+authorities which are intended to collect money from broadcasters to compensate
+copyright holders. The royalty collection societies require payment before you
+can stream just about any music released commercially to the general public -
+whether you make any money out of streaming, or not. It's not so much the
+percentage of revenue demanded, but that there are usually annual minimum fees
+to pay, which can hurt small stations disproportionately.
+
+For example, in the UK, the MCPS-PRS Limited Online Music Licence covers
+non-commercial music streaming by groups and individuals, as long as their gross
+revenue is less then £12,500 per year. The cost is on a sliding scale, up to
+£1,120 plus 20% tax per year for delivering up to 450,000 individual streams or
+serving 25,000 files; after that, you have to apply for a full MCPS-PRS Online
+Music Licence. That doesn't sound too bad at first, but 25,000 files per year
+works out at less than four downloads per hour for a round-the-clock website.
+This particular licence only covers publishing (songwriter) rights, not
+recording (record label and musician's performance) rights, so you have to
+negotiate an additional licence from Phonographic Performance Limited (PPL) to
+play music online, including digital recordings converted from commercially
+released CDs, vinyl or tape.
+
+Typically, you have to provide full statistical details to the royalty society
+of all music streamed or downloaded from your site, which can be onerous. Even
+if your radio station is mostly speech, there are many limitations in the small
+print of these music licences. For instance, you can't use music for
+promotional purposes, and you can't stream a whole opera, without negotiating
+separate licences. Weirdly, you are not allowed to play a piece of music in a
+'derogatory context' to the writer or performers; no drummer jokes allowed,
+then.
+
+However, the biggest pitfall is that these MCPS-PRS licences for publishing
+rights only cover listeners in the UK. For recording rights, PPL is a member of
+the IFPI reciprocal scheme for webcasters, which means its licenses cover
+listeners in some European countries, Australia, New Zealand and a few other
+countries, but not listeners in the USA or Canada. So if your Internet station
+picked up a significant number of listeners in countries not covered by the
+MCPS-PRS licences or the IFPI reciprocal scheme, you would have to pay for
+similar music licences in those countries as well. It's no wonder that many
+not-for-profit radio stations have disappeared from the virtual airwaves over
+the last few years, since not having the right licences could leave the operator
+liable to legal action.
+
+If you want to go down the commercial music route, check out the
+<http://www.prsformusic.com> and <http://www.ppluk.com> websites for UK licence
+details. In the USA, the <http://www.soundexchange.com> website currently quotes
+a 500 dollar minimum annual fee for non-commercial webcasters, plus a usage fee
+above a certain number of listener hours, for the right to stream music
+recordings to listeners. See the websites of [ASCAP](http://www.ascap.com),
+[BMI](http://www.bmi.com) and [SESAC](http://www.sesac.com) for details of music
+publishing royalties payable by webcasters streaming to the USA.
+
+Free content streaming offers an alternative for DIY Internet radio. Since
+royalty collection societies like MCPS-PRS and SoundExchange can only represent
+the interests of their own members, it follows that if you are not a member, you
+can stream your own self-produced content without paying for their licences. If
+you state somewhere on your website that the stream is of your own copyrighted
+material, and is made available to the public under a specific licence, then
+no-one should misunderstand your intentions.
+
+You might be able to persuade other people to allow you to stream their content
+too, as long as they do not have a conflicting legal obligation, such as having
+previously joined one of the many royalty collection societies around the world.
+You can ask for permission to stream when website visitors upload their own
+music files to you via a HTML form, much as the likes of SoundCloud do. Or you
+can collect files licensed under an appropriate Creative Commons licence
+(<http://www.creativecommons.org>) or other free content licence.
+
+Explicit permission to stream on your particular server is always going to be
+the ideal, so think about your own terms and conditions before you accept files
+from third parties for streaming. How, for example, would you know if someone
+uploaded a file to your online radio station that unknown to you, had been
+ripped from a commercially released CD? That's the kind of thing that could get
+you in trouble with the licensing authorities and copyright holders.